Fossils Reveal Ancient Primates Had Claws, and Nails Too
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These images created from CT scans show side and top views of a bone that supported a grooming claw, left, and a nail, right. Researchers attribute these fossils to Teilhardina brandti, one of the earliest primates, based on their size and similarity to existing primates. The fossils were found in Bighorn Basin, Wyoming, which was home to this ancient primate 56 million years ago. Credit: Image by Boyer et al. in the Journal of Human Evolution |
STONY BROOK, NY, June 21, 2018 — Humans and other primates are outliers among mammals for having nails instead of claws. But how, when and why we transitioned from claws to nails has been an evolutionary head-scratcher. Now, new fossil evidence shows that ancient primates – including one of the oldest known, Teilhardina brandti – had specialized grooming claws as well as nails. The findings, published online in the
Journal of Human Evolution
, overturn the prevailing assumption that the earliest primates had nails on all their digits and suggest the transition from claws to nails was more complex than previously thought.
“Our results demonstrate that grooming claws were more widespread in ancient primates than we had assumed. This is particularly interesting because it suggests that the removal of external parasites and debris may have been an important factor in ancient primate life,” said Stephanie Maiolino, PhD, a co-author of the paper and assistant professor of Anatomical Sciences at Stony Brook University.
Grooming in mammals is not just about looking good. Thick body hair is a haven for ticks, lice and other parasites – possible health threats, as well as nuisances. Having a specialized claw for removing pests would be an evolutionary advantage, added Doug Boyer, an associate professor in the Department of Evolutionary anthropology at Duke University and the study’s lead author.
It’s one that had been retained in many primates. Lemurs, lorises, galagoes and tarsiers have nails on most of their digits and grooming claws on their second – and in tarsiers, second and third – toes.
So, why did the ancestors of monkeys, apes and humans lose their grooming claws? One possible answer: because we have each other.
“The loss of grooming claws is probably a reflection of more complex social networks and increased social grooming,” Boyer said. “You’re less reliant on yourself.”
This could explain why more solitary monkey species, such as titi and owl monkeys, have re-evolved a grooming claw, he said.
In terms of the grooming to rid parasites, Maiolino added, “just how detrimental a high parasite load can be is often overlooked, but this may have played a very significant role in shaping the feet of early primates.
“Typically we think of the feet of early primates as being influenced by the pressures of grasping. A grooming digit is less useful for grasping because it is configured differently and lacks a nail – primates that have them must rely more heavily on the other toes for grasping,” she explained.
Maiolino has surveyed and studied hundreds of distal phalanges that bear grooming claws, nails, or claws from living primates and other mammals to identify key features that indicate the presence of grooming claws in the fossil record. For this study, she provided an analysis that could prove that the fossils were from primates, and that in life, they supported grooming claws.
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Lemurs, lorises and galagoes have nails on most digits and grooming claws on their second toes, as seen on the feet of two greater slow lorises, Nycticebus coucang, in the Florida Museum mammals collection. Credit: Florida Museum photo by Kristen Grace |
Researchers had thought grooming claws likely developed independently several times along the lines that gave rise to living primates. But these fossils suggest grooming claws were hallmark features of the earliest primates, dating back at least 56 million years.
They also come from five different genera of ancient primates that belonged to the omomyoids, early relatives of monkeys, apes, humans and tarsiers – not the branch of primates that gave rise to lemurs, lorises and galagoes.
In 2013, Boyer was at the University of California Museum of Paleontology, sifting through sediment collected in Wyoming several decades earlier, when he found several curious primate fossils. They were distal phalanges, the bones at the tips of fingers and toes, from omomyoids. The shape of these bones reveals whether they support a claw or nail. Bones topped with a claw mimic its narrow, tapered structure while bones undergirding a nail are flat and wide. The distal phalanges that Boyer discovered looked like they belonged to animals with grooming claws.
“Prior to this study, no one knew whether omomyoids had grooming claws,” Boyer said. “Most recent papers came down on the side of nails.”
Meanwhile, co-author Jonathan Blotch, the Florida Museum of Natural History curator of vertebrae paleontology at the University of Florida, picked through collections recently recovered from Bighorn Basin, Wyoming, and came across what looked like a “strange, narrow nail” bone. But when he compared it to modern primates, “it looked just like a tarsier grooming claw.” Smaller than a grain of rice, it matched the proportions of Teilhardina brandti, a mouse-sized, tree-dwelling primate.
Bloch and Boyer had co-authored a 2011 study describing the first fossil evidence of nails in Teilhardina. At the time, they believed the primate had nails on all its digits. Now, fossils were making them reevaluate their assumptions, not only about Teilhardina, but other omomyoids.
On the off-chance that they could add one more ancient primate to the growing list of claw-bearers, the pair drove out to Omomys Quarry, Wyoming, once inhabited by another genus of omomyoid, Omomys.
“We spent a day combing that site, never expecting to find something as tiny and delicate as a grooming claw,” Boyer said.
The team picked one right off the surface. They had found grooming claws at three independent sites from omomyoids spanning about 10 million years in the fossil record.
“That was the last nail in the coffin,” Boyer said.
Why did primates develop nails at all? The question is a contentious one, but Bloch and Boyer think the transition away from claws could have mirrored changes in primate movement. As we ramped up climbing, leaping and grasping, nails might have proven more practical than claws, which could snag or get in the way.
Grooming claws might seem insignificant, but they can provide crucial insights into ancient primates, many of which are known only from fossil teeth, Bloch said. These tiny claws offer clues about how our earliest ancestors moved through their environment, whether they were social or solitary and what their daily behavior was like.
“We see a bit of ourselves in the hands and feet of living primates. How they got this way is a profoundly important part of our evolutionary story.”
Other co-authors are, Patricia Holroyd from the University of California Museum of Paleontology at Berkeley and Paul Morse from UF.
3D models of the fossils are accessible on Morphosource, an open-access repository of 3D data directed by Boyer.
The National Science Foundation and the Institute of Museum and Library Services provided funding for the research.
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